Friday, October 30, 2009

The history of credit cards

As far back as the late 1800s, consumers and merchants exchanged goods through the concept of credit, using credit coins and charge plates as currency. It wasn't until about half a century ago that plastic payments as we know them today became a way of life.
Early beginnings

In the early 1900s, oil companies and department stories issued their own proprietary cards, according to Stan Sienkiewicz, in a paper for the Philadelphia Federal Reserve entitled "Credit Cards and Payment Efficiency." Such cards were accepted only at the business that issued the card and in limited locations. While modern credit cards are mainly used for convenience, these predecessor cards were developed as a means of creating customer loyalty and improving customer service, Sienkiewicz says.

The first bank card, named "Charg-It," was introduced in 1946 by John Biggins, a banker in Brooklyn, according to MasterCard. When a customer used it for a purchase, the bill was forwarded to Biggins' bank. The bank reimbursed the merchant and obtained payment from the customer. The catches: Purchases could only be made locally, and Charg-It cardholders had to have an account at Biggins' bank. In 1951, the first bank credit card appeared in New York's Franklin National Bank for loan customers. It also could be used only by the bank's account holders.

The Diners Club Card was the next step in credit cards. According to a representative from Diners Club, the story began in 1949 when a man named Frank McNamara had a business dinner in New York's Major's Cabin Grill. When the bill arrived, Frank realized he'd forgotten his wallet. He managed to find his way out of the pickle, but he decided there should be an alternative to cash. McNamara and his partner, Ralph Schneider, returned to Major's Cabin Grill in February of 1950 and paid the bill with a small, cardboard card. Coined the Diners Club Card and used mainly for travel and entertainment purposes, it claims the title of the first credit card in widespread use.

Plastic debuts
By 1951, there were 20,000 Diners Club cardholders. A decade later, the card was replaced with plastic. Diners Club Card purchases were made on credit, but it was technically a charge card, meaning the bill had to be paid in full at the end of each month.

According to its archivist, American Express formed in 1850. It specialized in deliveries as a competitor to the U.S. Postal Service, money orders (1882) and traveler's checks, which the company invented in 1891. The company discussed creating a travel charge card as early as 1946, but it was the launch of the rival Diners Club card that put things in motion.

In 1958 the company emerged into the credit card industry with its own pruduct, a purple charge card for travel and entertainment expenses. In 1959, American Express introduced the first card made of plastic (previous cards were made of cardboard or celluloid).

American Express soon introduced local currency credit cards in other countries. One million cards were being used at about 85,000 establishements within the first five years, both in and out of the U.S. In the 1990s, the company expanded into an all-purpose card. American Express, or Amex as it often is called, is about to celebrate its 50th credit card anniversary.

Closed-loop system
The Diners Club and American Express cards "functioned in what is known as a 'closed-loop' system, made up of the consumer, the merchant and the issuer of the card," Sienkiewicz writes. "In this structure, the issuer both authorizes and handles all aspects of the transaction and settles directly with both the consumer and the merchant."

In 1959, the option of maintaining a revolving balance was introduced, according to MasterCard. This meant cardholders no longer had to pay off their full bills at the end of each cycle. While this carried the risk of accumulating finance charges, it gave customers greater flexibility in managing their money.

Bank card associations
"The general-purpose credit card was born in 1966, when the Bank of America established the BankAmerica Service Corporation that franchised the BankAmericard brand (later to be known as Visa) to banks nationwide," Sienkiewicz writes.

In 1966, a national credit card system was formed when a group of credit-issuing banks joined together and created the InterBank Card Association, according to MasterCard. The ICA is now known as MasterCard Worldwide, though it was temporarily known as MasterCharge. This organization competes directly with a similar Visa program.

"The new bank card associations were different from their predecessors in that an 'open-loop' system was now created, requiring interbank cooperation and funds transfers," Sienkiewicz says. Visa and MasterCard still maintain "open-loop" systems, whereas American Express, Diners Club and Discover Card remain "closed-loop."

Visa and MasterCard's organizations both issue credit cards through member banks and set and maintain the rules for processing. They are both run by board members who are mostly high-level executives from their member banking organizations.

As the bank card industry grew, banks interested in issuing cards became members of either the Visa association or MasterCard association. Their members shared card program costs, making the bank card program available to even small financial institutions. Later, changes to the association bylaws allowed banks to belong to both associations and issue both types of cards to their customers.

Credit card processing evolves
As credit card processing became more complicated, outside service companies began to sell processing services to Visa and MasterCard association members. This reduced the cost of programs for banks to issue cards, pay merchants and settle accounts with cardholders, thus allowing greater expansion of the payments industry.

Visa and MasterCard developed rules and standardized procedures for handling the bank card paper flow in order to reduce fraud and misuse of cards. The two associations also created international processing systems to handle the exchange of money and information and established an arbitration procedure to settle disputes between members.

Other issuers join the party
Although American Express was among the first companies to issue a charge card, it wasn't until 1987 that it issued a credit card allowing customers to pay over time rather than at the end of every month. Its original business model focused on the travel and entertainment charges made by business people, which involved significant revenue from merchants and annual membership fees from customers. While these products are still in its tool chest, the company has developed numerous no-annual fee credit cards offering low introductory rates and reward programs, similar to as traditional bank cards.

Another relatively recent entry into the card business is Discover Card, originally part of the Sears Corporation. According to Discover, its first card was unveiled at the 1986 Super Bowl. Discover Card Services sought to create a new brand with its own merchant network, and the company has been successful at developing merchant acceptance. A 2004 antitrust court ruling against Visa and MasterCard -- initiated by the U.S. governement and the Department of Justice -- changed the exclusive relationship that Visa and MasterCard enjoyed with banks. It allows banks and other card issuers to provide customers with American Express or Discover cards, in addition to a Visa or MasterCard.

The future
While the plastic card has been the standard for a half century, recent developments show alternative forms of payment rising to prominence, from online services such as PayPal to credit card keyfobs to chips that can be implanted into cell phones or other devices.

But with the sheer volume of devices in use around America whose sole purpose is to read a flat piece of plastic with a magnetic stripe, the "card" in "credit card" is unlikely to pass from the scene any time soon.

Accept Credit Card Payments

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Accept Credit Card Online
Accept Credit Cards for Small Business
Alpena Credit Card Processing
American Express Merchant Service
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Cheap Credit Card Processing
Credit Card Machines
Credit Card Merchant Accounts
Credit Card Merchant Service
C cont.
Credit Card Payment Software
Credit Card Reader
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Free Merchant Account Credit Card Processing Online
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Merchant Account Services Orange County
Merchant Account to Accept Card Credit Online
Merchant Credit Processing
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Payment Systems
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Retail Costco Credit Card Merchant Account
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Tawas Credit Card Processing


Increasing Payment Options
When a seller decides to accept credit card payments, they give buyers the option of using a credit card for their purchase and make payments for purchases more convenient for both the buyer and the seller. Buyers can purchase without having to provide cash or a check. With credit cards as a payment option, sellers can simplify the payment transaction, speed up the payment process and minimize their need to handle cash.

Steps to Accept Credit Card Payments
A seller who accepts credit card payments needs to make a series of important decisions including the payment processor, communication network software and equipment as well as, potentially, the point-of-sale equipment. Accept Credit Card Payments is the place to get the information you need to make those decisions.

Information from National and Regional Providers
Sometime the "perfect" solution is a national provider, but sometimes a regional or local provider can better meet your needs. This is the place to find information on national, regional and local credit card payment providers, payment software and hardware. Features and trends are discussed to provide the seller with practical information to help them select the right program, software and hardware.

LoveToKnow Provides Expert Knowledge
The information provided in LoveToKnow Accept Credit Card Payments combines the experience of experts in the credit card payment industry as well as the research of the current procedures and trends in the industry. If you have a question or are looking for information that is not covered in one of the articles, you can request additional information by completing the "Comments" box at the bottom of any articles. Your question will be researched and answered promptly.

Credit Card Help

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Always Read Contract Terms and Conditions
C
Can I Negotiate Credit Card Debt Reduction
Consumer Credit Bureau Reports
Credit Card Balance Transfers
Credit Card Comparison
Credit Card Laws
Credit Card Offers
Credit Cards for Foreign Travel
Credit Dispute Letters
Credit Report Score Chart
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Due Dates
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Fair Credit Billing Act
F cont.
Fast Credit Report Repair
Free FICO Score
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Get a Higher Credit Limit
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How to Lower Credit Card Rates
How to Lower Interest Rates
How to Explain APR Interest
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Interest Rate
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Payments
Personal Credit Report
Protecting Your Credit Card Numbers
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Stop Credit Card Offers
W
What Is APR
What is a Good Credit Score


Credit Card Help is designed to quickly give you the basic information you need to be a better credit card user. Whether you are new to credit cards or already have a handful of cards in your wallet, it's easy to get confused with all the credit card terms, concepts, "do's" and "don'ts".

When you have more time or need more explanation, check out the detailed articles here at LoveToKnow Credit Cards. They are loaded with helpful information and tips that you can start using today to make better credit card decisions.

LoveToKnow Credit Card Help
It's easy to get overwhelmed with all the credit card offers, the news reports on fraud and identity theft, and the information you hear about credit "hot topics" like FICO credit scores. Our team of writers concentrates on providing you with information on all aspects of credit cards. Sometimes all you need is a quick piece of information or an explanation of a term or a concept. That's a great time to come to Credit Card Help for the info you need... quickly.

Smart Credit Management Starts Here
Credit Card Help is a quick start towards understanding the basics of credit card money management. Our team is ready to get you the information you need to get both the quick answers and the in-depth information on the sometimes confusing, and often overwhelming world of credit cards. If you need more credit card information, or you want a more basic explanation of something you've read here, just let us know. Add your thoughts in the comments section on the bottom of any article. Our credit experts are dedicated to giving you the information you want in a format that's easy and quick for you to use.

Credit Cards Slideshows

D
Delta Sky Miles
F
Five Ways to Get a Good Credit Score
H
How Can I Improve My Credit Score Fast
How Does Debt Consolidation Work
How to Explain APR Interest
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Laws on Credit Card Fraud
P
Prepaid Debit Cash Cards
S
Slideshow:Credit Card Debt Elimination
Slideshow:Credit Score Scale
S cont.
Slideshow:How Do Collection Agencies Work
Slideshow:How Do I Get Rid of Debt
Slideshow:Identity Theft Facts
Slideshow:List of Precautions for Identity Theft
Slideshow:New Credit Card Laws
Slideshow:Prepaid Credit Cards for Teenagers
Slideshow:Tips on Credit Card Consolidation
Slideshow:Ways to Pay Off Debt
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Tips For Paying Off Credit Card Debt
W
What to Say When You Can't Pay

Debt Help

B
Bad Credit Credit Cards Balance Transfers
Bankruptcy Appraiser
C
Can Collection Agency Sue for a Debt
Can a Credit Card Company Sue You
Card Credit Debt Letter Settlement
Christian Debt Consolidation
Collection Agency Debt
Collection Agency Procedure to Collect Unpaid Debt
College Student Misusing Credit Cards
Conditions for Filing Chapter Thirteen Bankruptcy
Consolidate Debt
Consumer Counseling Credit Debt Management Organization
Consumer Credit Counseling
Consumer Reports Credit Counseling Services
Credit Card Debt Help
Credit Card Debt Settlement
Credit Card Debt Solutions
Credit Card Settlement
Credit Consultant and Debt Settlement Company
Credit Counseling
Credit Counselors
Credit Protection Association
D
Dealing with Collection Agencies
Debt Advice
Debt Calculator
Debt Collection Laws
Debt Collection Statute of Limitations
Debt Consolidation Non Profit
Debt Consolidation Programs
Debt Consolidation Service
Debt Cures
Debt Management Credit Counseling
Debt Negotiation
Debt Problem
D cont.
Debt Relief
Debt Settlement
Debt Settlements and Taxes
Debt Solutions
Do It Yourself Card Credit Debt Settlement
E
Eliminate Credit Card Debt
Erase Bad Credit
Expert Interview: Dealing with Collection Agencies
Expert Interview: Repair and Fix Bad Credit After Bankruptcy
F
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
Frugal Living Advice
G
Get Out of Debt
H
How to Negotiate With Credit Card Companies
How to Pay Down Debt
How to Pay Off Credit Cards
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Improve My Credit Score for Free
M
Military Credit Card Debt Consolidation
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Nonprofit Debt Consolidation Services
P
Pay Off Credit Cards Fast
Pay Off Debt
Personal Credit Report
Personal Grants to Pay Off Debts
Professional Credit Repair Software
R
Reduce your Debt
S
Slideshow:How Do Collection Agencies Work
Slideshow:How Do I Get Rid of Debt
Slideshow:Ways to Pay Off Debt
Strategies for Improving Credit Score
Student Debt
How Does Debt Consolidation Work
T
The Bankruptcy Handbook
Tips for Getting Out of Debt Fast
Top Debt Consolidation Loans
U
Unsecure Debt Consolidation Loan
B
Bad Credit Credit Cards Balance Transfers
Bankruptcy Appraiser
C
Can Collection Agency Sue for a Debt
Can a Credit Card Company Sue You
Card Credit Debt Letter Settlement
Christian Debt Consolidation
Collection Agency Debt
Collection Agency Procedure to Collect Unpaid Debt
College Student Misusing Credit Cards
Conditions for Filing Chapter Thirteen Bankruptcy
Consolidate Debt
Consumer Counseling Credit Debt Management Organization
Consumer Credit Counseling
Consumer Reports Credit Counseling Services
Credit Card Debt Help
Credit Card Debt Settlement
Credit Card Debt Solutions
Credit Card Settlement
Credit Consultant and Debt Settlement Company
Credit Counseling
Credit Counselors
Credit Protection Association
D
Dealing with Collection Agencies
Debt Advice
Debt Calculator
Debt Collection Laws
Debt Collection Statute of Limitations
Debt Consolidation Non Profit
Debt Consolidation Programs
Debt Consolidation Service
Debt Cures
Debt Management Credit Counseling
Debt Negotiation
Debt Problem
D cont.
Debt Relief
Debt Settlement
Debt Settlements and Taxes
Debt Solutions
Do It Yourself Card Credit Debt Settlement
E
Eliminate Credit Card Debt
Erase Bad Credit
Expert Interview: Dealing with Collection Agencies
Expert Interview: Repair and Fix Bad Credit After Bankruptcy
F
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
Frugal Living Advice
G
Get Out of Debt
H
How to Negotiate With Credit Card Companies
How to Pay Down Debt
How to Pay Off Credit Cards
I
Improve My Credit Score for Free
M
Military Credit Card Debt Consolidation
N
Nonprofit Debt Consolidation Services
P
Pay Off Credit Cards Fast
Pay Off Debt
Personal Credit Report
Personal Grants to Pay Off Debts
Professional Credit Repair Software
R
Reduce your Debt
S
Slideshow:How Do Collection Agencies Work
Slideshow:How Do I Get Rid of Debt
Slideshow:Ways to Pay Off Debt
Strategies for Improving Credit Score
Student Debt
How Does Debt Consolidation Work
T
The Bankruptcy Handbook
Tips for Getting Out of Debt Fast
Top Debt Consolidation Loans
U
Unsecure Debt Consolidation Loan

Identity Theft

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Articles Concerning Identity Theft
C
Citi Credit Monitoring Service
Computer Security
Credit Card Fraud Punishment
Credit Card Generator Download
Credit Card Number Hacking
Credit Card Skimming
Credit Protection
Credit Rights
D
Define Identity Theft
E
Email Credit Card Scams
F
Family Secure Child Identity Theft
H
How Is Identity Theft Accomplished
I
Identity Fraud Services
Identity Theft
Identity Theft Discover Credit Card Fraud Protection
I cont.
Identity Theft Protection
Identity Theft Punishment
Identity Theft Statistics
Identity Theft and Penalty
Internet Security
Is Credit Card Theft a Felony
L
Legal Issues of Identity Theft
LifeLock
P
Password Manager
Prevent Identity Theft
Preventing Cyber Identity Theft
R
Rate of Identity Theft
Reporting Fraud
S
Slideshow:Identity Theft Facts
Slideshow:List of Precautions for Identity Theft
W
Ways to Prevent Identity Theft
A
Articles Concerning Identity Theft
C
Citi Credit Monitoring Service
Computer Security
Credit Card Fraud Punishment
Credit Card Generator Download
Credit Card Number Hacking
Credit Card Skimming
Credit Protection
Credit Rights
D
Define Identity Theft
E
Email Credit Card Scams
F
Family Secure Child Identity Theft
H
How Is Identity Theft Accomplished
I
Identity Fraud Services
Identity Theft
Identity Theft Discover Credit Card Fraud Protection
I cont.
Identity Theft Protection
Identity Theft Punishment
Identity Theft Statistics
Identity Theft and Penalty
Internet Security
Is Credit Card Theft a Felony
L
Legal Issues of Identity Theft
LifeLock
P
Password Manager
Prevent Identity Theft
Preventing Cyber Identity Theft
R
Rate of Identity Theft
Reporting Fraud
S
Slideshow:Identity Theft Facts
Slideshow:List of Precautions for Identity Theft
W
Ways to Prevent Identity Theft

Interviews of Special Interest

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Always Read Contract Terms and Conditions
C
Can You Be Sued for Credit Card Debts
Consumer Spending: An Interview with a Money Management Expert
Credit Card Debt Consolidation: An Interview with the NFCC
Credit Card Debt Solutions
Credit Card Skimming
Credit Score
D
Dealing with a Collection Agency: An Interview with the Attorney General’s Office
Debt Free Living: An Interview with a CPA
Debt Management: An Interview with a Credit Counselor
E
Expert Interview: Dealing with Collection Agencies
Expert Interview: Repair and Fix Bad Credit After Bankruptcy
F
First Time Credit Cards
H
How to Maintain Good Credit
How to Reduce Credit Card Debt
I
Improve My Credit Score for Free
M
Managing My Debt
P
Personal Finance: Interview with the Buffingtons
Prevent Identity Theft
R
Rate of Identity Theft
T
The Bankruptcy Handbook
Tips for Getting Out of Debt Fast
W
Ways to Improve Credit Score
What do Consumer Credit Reports Rating Scores Mean
A
Always Read Contract Terms and Conditions
C
Can You Be Sued for Credit Card Debts
Consumer Spending: An Interview with a Money Management Expert
Credit Card Debt Consolidation: An Interview with the NFCC
Credit Card Debt Solutions
Credit Card Skimming
Credit Score
D
Dealing with a Collection Agency: An Interview with the Attorney General’s Office
Debt Free Living: An Interview with a CPA
Debt Management: An Interview with a Credit Counselor
E
Expert Interview: Dealing with Collection Agencies
Expert Interview: Repair and Fix Bad Credit After Bankruptcy
F
First Time Credit Cards
H
How to Maintain Good Credit
How to Reduce Credit Card Debt
I
Improve My Credit Score for Free
M
Managing My Debt
P
Personal Finance: Interview with the Buffingtons
Prevent Identity Theft
R
Rate of Identity Theft
T
The Bankruptcy Handbook
Tips for Getting Out of Debt Fast
W
Ways to Improve Credit Score
What do Consumer Credit Reports Rating Scores Mean